Nitisastra

From BASAbaliWiki
Revision as of 11:44, 30 March 2020 by Arya Lawa Manuaba (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{PageSponsor}} {{Lontar |Name of Lontar=Nitisastra |Identification=Kakawin |Photograph=Nitisastra01.jpg |Description text=[EN] Kakawin Nitisastra is thought to have been writ...")
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Nitisastra01.jpg
Title of Work
Nitisastra
Type
⧼IdentificationMap-Kakawin⧽
Photo Reference
Location
Gelgel
Credit
Dang Hyang Nirartha
Reference
Background information
  • PGAHN Singaraja tahun 1978


Add your comment
BASAbaliWiki welcomes all comments. If you do not want to be anonymous, register or log in. It is free.

Summary


In English

[EN] Kakawin Nitisastra is thought to have been written by Dang Hyang Nirartha, although the real author was never known. However, Nitisastra is actually a written work originating from Canakya Nitisastra in Sanskrit, written by Canakya Pandit during the reign of King Asoka in Magada, India.

Kakawin Nitisastra contains proper manners to be human, characteristics of a pious and impious person, the obligations of a student, a person who is married, and an obligation for priests. There are also many metaphors and parables about good and bad behavior, foods that are appropriate to eat and those that are not, and how to serve the four teachers.

A copy of the palm-leaf manuscripts of Kakawin Nitisastra is still preserved in Gedong Kirtya, Singaraja. In 1978, this manuscript was copied into Latin script by Hindu Religion teachers from PGAH Singaraja. Then, there is also a newer copy in the Balinese script from the Bali Provincial Culture Office, completed with meanings in alus singgih Balinese.

What caused Kakawin Nitisastra to be said to have been written by Dang Hyang Nirartha was because this kakawin was found together with Kakawin Nirartha Prakreta. The contents of the two kakawin do not differ much. Many writers suspect that this kakawin was written when Dang Hyang Nirartha lived in Gelgel.

In Balinese

BA Kakawin Nitisastra katarka kasurat olih Dang Hyang Nirartha, yadyastun sira pangawi sane pastika nenten kauningin. Kewanten, Nitisastra sujatine mawit saking Canakya Nitisastra sane mabasa Sanskerta, kasurat olih Canakya Pandit duk kaprabon Sang Prabu Asoka ring Magada, India.

Kakawin Nitisastra puniki madaging tata titi dados manusa, caciren anak suputra tur kuputra, swadharmaning sisya, anak sane marabian, tur swadharmaning sang wiku. Wenten taler makeh pratiwimba ngenenin indik parilaksana sane becik tur nenten becik, ajeng-ajengan sane patut lan tan patut kaajeng, tur sapunapi carane subhakti ring catur guru.

Pasalin sane marupa lontar kantun wenten ring Gedong Kirtya, Singaraja. Ring warsa 1978, lontar puniki kasalin malih antuk aksara latin olih para guru Agama Hindu ring PGAH Singaraja. Sampun kenten, wenten taler salinan anyar maaksara Bali saking Dinas Kabudayaan Provinsi Bali, jangkep sareng pitegesne ring basa Bali alus.

Napi mawinan Kakawin Nitisastra katarka kasurat olih Dang Hyang Nirartha duaning kakawin puniki embas sinarengan sareng Kakawin Nirartha Prakerta. Daging makakalih kakawin puniki tan banget matiosan. Akeh para pangawi narka kakawin puniki kasurat daweg Ida Dang Hyang Nirartha meneng ring Gelgel.

In Indonesian

[ID] Kakawin Nitisastra diduga ditulis oleh Dang Hyang Nirartha, walaupun penulis sesungguhnya tidak pernah diketahui. Namun, Nitisastra sebenarnya adalah karya tulis yang berasal dari Canakya Nitisastra dalam bahasa Sanskerta, yang ditulis oleh Canakya Pandit tatkala masa pemerintahan Raja Asoka di Magada, India.

Kakawin Nitisastra berisi tata krama menjadi manusia, ciri-ciri anak yang saleh dan tidak saleh, kewajiban seorang siswa, orang yang berumah tangga, dan kewajiban bagi para pendeta. Ada juga banyak metafora dan perumpamaan mengenai tingkah laku yang baik dan buruk, makanan yang layak dimakan dan yang tidak, serta bagaimana cara berbakti kepada keempat guru.

Salinan lontar Kakawin Nitisastra masih ada di Gedong Kirtya, Singaraja. Tahun 1978, lontar ini disalin ke dalam aksara Latin oleh para guru Agama Hindu dari PGAH Singaraja. Kemudian, ada juga salinan yang lebih baru dalam aksara Bali dari Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi Bali, lengkap dengan artinya dalam bahasa Bali halus.

Apa yang menyebabkan Kakawin Nitisastra disebut-sebut ditulis oleh Dang Hyang Nirartha adalah karena kakawin ini ditemukan berbarengan dengan Kakawin Nirartha Prakreta. Isi kedua kakawin ini tidak berbeda jauh. Banyak sastrawan menduga bahwa kakawin ini ditulis ketika Dang Hyang Nirartha tinggal di Gelgel.

Text Excerpt


Bahasa Kawi/Kuno

[Chapter 2 Verse 9]

maksika sirsa tandasika wisyanika tan ana len wrscika pucca-buntutika wisya katinengetaken sarpa ri danta rakwa wisa huntunika taya waneh durjana sarwa sindhinika wisya mamepek ing awak

[translated by expert]

In English

The poison of a centipede is only in its head, so is a scorpion's poison that is only on the tip of its tail. The poison of a serpent is kept in its fangs so it is hidden from others. A wicked person, however; has poison piled in one's entire body. [translated by expert]

In Balinese

Upas ipun i lelipan wantah ring muncuk bungut ipun. Punika taler upas celedune sane wenten ring muncuk ikuh ipune. Upas i lelipi mengkeb ring caling ipune mangda tan kacingakin. Sakewanten, anak sane durjana, sami anggan ipun maupas.

In Indonesian

Racun seekor lipan ada di ujung mulutnya, begitu pula racun kalajengking yang hanya ada di ujung ekornya. Racun ular tersembunyi di taringnya sehingga tidak terlihat. Namun seseorang yang jahat memiliki racun di sekujur tubuhnya.

Index