Negotiating cultural constraints, strategic decision-making by widows and divorcees (janda) in contemporary Bali

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Title of article (Indonesian)
Bernegosiasi dengan kendala budaya, pengambilan keputusan strategis oleh janda pada Bali kontemporer
Title of article (Balinese)
Natingin pakeweh budaya, sang meraga balu ring Bali rikala mangkin
Original title language
English
Title (other local language)
Author(s)
    Subjects
    • Agency
    • Bali
    • Cultural capital
    • constraints
    • widow
    • patriarchal
    • society
    • divorcees
    Title of Journal
    Indonesian and the Malay World
    Volume and Issue number
    44, 128
    Date of Publication
    Page Numbers
    104 - 122
    Link to whole article
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2015.1100869
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          Abstract


          In English

          This article discusses the strategies deployed by widows and divorcees (janda) in negotiating cultural constraints and social stigmatisation in contemporary Bali. In Balinese patriarchal society, women are disadvantaged in terms of their access to employment and commonly earn less than men. When a marriage ends, Balinese widows and divorcees not only lose their partners but also an important source of family income. Janda may need to take on additional burdens in supporting themselves and their families and are therefore economically vulnerable. In addition, janda are often considered to be sexually available, may be the target of men’s sexual advances and thus become a frequent source of gossip. The dual state-village administrative system further complicates divorce and remarriage within Balinese patriarchal society. In order to understand how Balinese janda cope with these social and cultural constraints, this article focuses on the contrasting life histories of three janda. Deploying Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital, the analysis demonstrates that access to multiple forms of capital plays an important role in enabling Balinese janda to make their lives bearable and manageable. With adequate access to economic resources, janda can not only demonstrate their independence and ability to support their children, but also are able to meet their social and religious obligations. In this way they can maintain their respectability and social acceptance within their local communities. These findings contribute to a wider and more complex picture of the life of Balinese janda.

          In Balinese

          Panyuratan puniki maosang makudang utsaha sane kamargiang olih sang maraga balu inggih punika sangkaning sang alaki padem utawi mapasahan rikala natingin wates-wates kepatutan lan sesengguh balu sekadi ketah ring Bali. Risajeroning budaya kapurusa ring Bali, sang meraga istri kirang polih pamargi rikala ngaruruh pakaryan tur taler nampi pikolih sane andapan ring sang alaki. Rikala alaki rabi mapasahan, sang meraga balu nenten je wantah kaicalan somah, nanging taler kapegatan pangupa jiwa. Siosan ring punika sang meraga balu sering kasengguh melaksana dwa para. Kawentenan pamargi adat lang uger-uger panegara sane sami sami kamargiang ring Bali taler ngawinang parindikan kawin cerai ring Bali dados nenten dangan. Ngaresepang kawentenan para bebalu ring Bali natingin parindikan sosial lan budaya, pangulatian puniki nganggen imba bebalu tigang diri. Pierre Bourdieu mangulati kahuripan sang meraga balu ring Bali ngeninin ekonomi, budaya, sosial lan simbolisme, mapengawit saking pikolihan sane sayan nincap sang meraga balu pacing prasida nguripin sentanan ipuni tur swadarma sosial lan agama sane siosan. Antuk punika raris ipun prasida ketampi becik tur kautamiang olih para wargi. Pangulatian puniki taler dados pangeweweh pangeweruh ngeninin kahuripan sang meraga balu ring Bali.

          In Indonesian

          Artikel ini membahas berbagai strategi yang diterapkan oleh janda (karena meninggal dunia ataupun bercerai) dalam menghadapi batasan-batasan kultural dan stigma sosial pada era Bali kontemporer. Di lingkungan patriarki Bali, perempuan kurang diuntungkan dalam hal akses terhadap pekerjaan dan umumnya menerima pendapatan yang lebih rendah dari laki-laki. Ketika sebuah pernikahan berakhir, seorang janda tidak hanya kehilangan pasangannya namun juga sumber pendapatan penting bagi keluarganya. Janda mungkin juga harus menerima beban tambahan dari menyokong kehidupannya sendiri dan keluarganya, yang artinya menjadi lebih rentah secara ekonomi. Selain itu, janda juga sering dianggap mudah untuk diajak berhubungan seksual, dapat menjadi target hasrat seksual laki-laki, akibatnya menjadi sumber gosip. Sistem pemerintahan dualisme, desa – nasional,di Bali turut menambah kerumitan proses perceraian dan pernikahan kembali di masyarakat patriarkal Bali. Untuk memahami bagaimana janda di Bali menghadapi tekanan sosial dan budaya ini, artikel ini fokus pada membandingkan sejarah hidup 3 orang janda. Menerapkan konsep modal ekonomi, budaya, sosial dan simbolisme oleh Pierre Bourdieu, analisis penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa akses terhadap berbagai bentuk modal diatas berperan penting dalam kelangsungan hidup para janda di Bali. Dengan sumber ekonomi yang memadai, seorang janda tidak hanya dapat menunjukkan independensi dan kemampuan untuk menghidupi keturunannya, namun juga berbagai kewajiban sosial dan keagamaan lainnya. Dengan begitu, mereka tetap dapat diterima dan dihormati oleh komunitasnya. Temuan ini juga berkontribusi dalam memberikan gambaran yang lebih luas dan kompleks mengenai kehidupan janda di Bali.