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THE BACKGROUND OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MONUMENT OF BALINESE STRUGGLE
Sporadic struggles for independence against the Dutch Colonial Government emerged in most parts of Indonesia. The violent oppressions by the Dutch resulted many rebellions in various dominions of kingdoms and sultanates under the Dutch colonialism. But unfortunately, the Dutch could easily suppress them by applying their divide et impera (divide and rule) tactic to break the strength of those kingdoms and sultanates by playing off against each other, between a king and the other, between the royal family and the king, the king and his people, and between people as well.
The long war experiences and also the more and more Indonesian youth got academic education had aroused the spirit of unity among various social strata and ethnic groups and the awareness to defend their country and to drive away the colonizers. It was initiated by a number of intellectual youths from various regions that on October 28th, 1928, for the firsttime, the Indonesian youth held a conference in which they declared the so called the Sumpah Pemuda or the Youth Pledge. They swore that they were of one mother country: Indonesia, one nationality: Indonesian, and of one language: Bahasa Indonesia or the Indonesian language. This declaration was simultaneously participated by many youth organizations from various islands and ethnics in Indonesia such as, Jong Java of Central and East Java, Jong Pasundan of West Java, Jong Minahasa of North Sulawesi, Jong Ambon of Maluku, Jong Celebes of Sulawesi, Jong Madura, Jong Sumatranen, Jong Batak of Batak ethnic group, etc which later on resulted an idea to form the Jong Indonesia to accomodate all ethnics in Indonesia.
This spirit of Sumpah Pemuda has also awakened various youth organizations in Indonesia.One well-known organization, among others, is Sarekat Islam, which was originally as a mere religious movement, then developed into the first popular movement in Indonesia, then the Indische Partij party which also moved in politics. At that time on the island of Java nationalist figures emerged such as dr. Soetomo, HOS. Cokroaminoto, Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hadjar Dewantoro), Douwes Dekker, Tjipto Mangunkusumo, Agus Salim, Soekarno, Muhammad Hatta, and so on. Their pioneering work eventually also inspired other regions to do the same, namely to unite the regions in expelling the Dutch occupation, one of which was a struggle carried out by the Balinese people.
Bali Island is one of the bases of the struggle against the Dutch, among which the famous is the Jagaraga War of 1848-1849 in Buleleng, the Kusamba War of 1849, the Banjar People’s Resstance in 1868, the Puputan Badung War of 1906 launched by the King of Badung, Puputan Klungkung in 1908 and also the Puputan Margarana War in the Marga Village of Tabanan conducted by Liutenant Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai along with Laskar Ciung Wanara who had waged in all-out war (Puputan) against the Dutch in 1946.
The struggle performed by I Gusti Ngurah Rai has left deep memories for the people of Bali, so as to commemorate his services, a monument, street name, airport name, and so on were erected. The awarding of his services is solely because he has set an example to the younger generation in the struggle for independence which is done unconditionally. The government’s attention to the services of the fighters in Bali was realized by the construction of a grand monument located in the Niti Mandala area, Denpasar known as the the Monument of Balinese Struggle.
What is presented in this monument is to recall all the struggles of the Balinese heroes before and after independence. It is also hoped that this monument will also has some benefit in an effort to increase the appreciation of the younger generation in living up to the patriotic values demonstrated by the heroes who sacrifice all his body and soul in defending the dignity of his people without ever expecting retribution.
The monument was designed by Mr. Ida Bagus Gede Yadnya, a young man who was at that time was a student in the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Denpasar. He succeeded in winning and becoming a champion in the design competition of the the Monument of Balinese Struggle which was carried out in 1981 by setting aside his senior architects in Bali.
After the design and drawing improvements were made, in August 1988 through the budget of the Provincial Government of Bali a groundbreaking was carried out, as a sign of the start of the construction of the monument. After going through various obstacles and trials due to the depreciation of the Rupiah in 1997, finally this monument could be completed also in 2001. After that, the development was continued with the making of dioramas that depicted the life history of the Balinese from time to time. In addition to the dioramas, a park was also built to add the beauty and comfort of this monument, which as a whole could be completed in 2003. On June 14, 2003, in conjunction with the Opening of the 25th Bali Arts Festival in 2003, Indonesian President Megawati Soekarnoputri had the pleasure of inaugurating the Monument of Balinese Struggle. Since then the monument has been officially opened for public.
PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES
The purpose of making dioramas that tells a story of the struggle of the Balinese people is to reconstruct important historical events that have occured in Bali, so that what is implied in them will be more easily appreciated by younger generation.
The aim is to perpetuate the spirit of the struggle of the Balinese people from time to time and pass down the spirit of patriotism in the form of self-sacrifice, love of the motherland, love of unity and love of peace, togetherness to the next generation of the nation, and the main thing is to maintain the integrity of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia (Homeland).
THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIC OF THE MONUMENT OF BALINESE STRUGGLE
This monument is an embodiment of lingga and yoni. Lingga is male symbol (purusa), while yoni is female symbol (pradana). The meeting between the two elements is a symbol of fertility and well-being. In addition to the Lingga-Yoni philosophy, this monument is also based on the philosophy of the Mandara mountain screening (Mandara Giri) in ocean of milk (Ksirarnawa). This story comes from the Adi Parwa book, the first chapter (parwa) of the Mahabarata epic. It is said that the gods and giants (daitya) sought the water of eternal life (tirtha amertha) by turning around Mandara mountain in the ocean of milk. The implementation of the screening of mount Mandara is regulated as follows:
1. Turtles (akupa) as the base of mount Mandara
2. Besuki Dragon (Naga Besuki) as a strap and turning mount.
3. The gods hold the dragon’s tail and the daitya hold the head, while at the top of the mountain sits God Shiva.
After working with great difficulty turning the Mandara mountain then successively came out: crescent (Ardha Chandra), Goddess Sri and Laksmi, flying horse (kuda Ucaisrawah), tree of happiness (Kastuba Mani), and the last came out Goddess Dhanwantari who brought Tirta Amertha. The story of searching for Amertha water is then reflected in the shape of this monument, with the following explanation:
1. The earthen pitcher containing tirta amertha was symbolized by a kind of pot (swamba), which is located on the top of the monument.
2. Naga Besuki’s tail is realized near the pot.
3. The head of the dragon is manifested in the entrance gate (Kori Agung).
4. Turtle (Bedawang Nala/ akupa) as the foundation of the monument is located on the edge of the lake and its head on Kori Agung.
5. The pond that surrounds the monument as the symbol of Ocean of milk (Ksirarnawa).
6. Mandara mountain (Mandara Giri) as the overall shape of the monument building.
Philosophically, the initiators of this monument wish to give a message to the younger generation that the struggle to achieve success can only be done with hard work, perseverance, and mutual cooperation as told when the Gods and Daitya together seek eternal life.
Another symbol depicting the power of God Almighty (Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa) contained in this building is a building plan in the shape of an octagon and an eight-leaf lotus. The eight-leaf lotus is called Asta Dala as a symbol of the omnipotence of God Almighty called Asta Aiswarya, namely:
1. Anima : the mildness nature like atom.
2. Lagima : the lightness nature like ether.
3. Mahima : the great nature that fills all places.
4. Prapti : the nature of reaching all desired places.
5. Prakamya : all wills are achieved by Him.
6. Isitawa : the nature of dominating everything and the most important One.
7. Wasitwa : the most powerful character.
8. Yatrakama Wasayitwa : His nature and His will cannot be challenged.
The symbol of patriotism and nationalism can be found in the 17 number of foot steps towards the main entrance, 8 main pillars of the building and the height of the monument is 45 meters. If these figures are strung together, the numbers 17, 8, and 45 are arranged which show the date, month, and year of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, August 17, 1945.
On March 23, 1948, Daniel Bahari was born in Denpasar. He is a renowned boxing manager, promoter, and trainer. He started the Cakti Bali gym (Candradimuka Boxing Bali) and developed amateur and professional boxers on a national and worldwide scale. Adi Swandana, Francisco Lisboa, Pino Bahari, Nemo Bahari, and Daudy Bahari are among the boxers that came from his family. He has also faced off against the renowned boxer Ellyas Pical, the former junior bantamweight champion of the IBF. He was a boxing athlete before he became a trainer. His accomplishments weren't all that remarkable, though. He is more renowned for being a golden-handled boxing coach. On March 16, 2015, Daniel Bahari passed away in Denpasar. +
David Metcalf is a professional photographer, originally from New Zealand but has been living in Bali since 2011.
David has been working with communities in Bali, Kalimantan, Sumba to help preserve the culture and leads photography and cultural tours to various parts of Indonesia, Japan, Alaska, Vietnam, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and India.
He has been involved in organizing many events in Bali including the indigenous film festival held in Bali in 2018, 19,20, and is the founder of The Togetherness Project which is at the forefront of community-based tourism and assisted Balinese communities during Covid.
To find out more please visit www.davidmetcalfphotography.com, Facebook and Instagram David Metcalf photography and www.thetogethernessproject.net. +
Deniek G. Sukarya has been in professional photography for over 43 years . His works are widely published in books, calendars, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, brochures, posters and billboards. In stock photography, he offers a huge collection of travel, culture, landscape, nature and fine art photography.
Deniek started his career as a freelance photographer and writer for many prestigeous national publications before joining an international advertising agency in 1981 as a senior copywriter, and a year later as creative director.
As a concerned photographer, Deniek gives numerous photography workshops for the development of photography in Indonesia. He also writes for many publications: from travel, culture and nature to “how-to” articles on various aspects of photography. Since 1993, Deniek published several magazines: VISI, for STARKO (until 1995); RODA for Honda Motorcycle Indonesia (until 2007); FOTO MODERN, for Fuji Film Indonesia (until 2005). In 2005, he published NIKONIA magazine, 6 editions quarterly photography magazine for Nikon Indonesia.
Deniek is a founder member and chairman of the LEICA Photography Club of Indonesia, and the conceptor and curator/director of Galeri Foto CAHYA, the first fine art photo gallery in Indonesia. He held numerous photo exhibitions, including three exhibitions at Galeri Foto CAHYA in 1998 and 2000. In 2002, he organized Harmony - Potret Indonesia Damai and Images of Jakarta photo exhibitions for the Jakarta Tourism Office.
In 2004, he held two exhibitions in Osaka, Japan, INDONESIA -ENCHANTED MOMENTS, for the Consulate General of Indonesia in Osaka and Sakata Inx Corporation. He also organized the exhibition, A Tribute to Aceh, for Aceh Tsunami Relief Funds in 2005 working together with photo journalists from the leading national newspaper, Kompas. In 2005, Deniek also held an exhibition: Indonesia - Enchanted Moments, in the National Gallery of Zimbabwe, Harare for the Indonesian Embassy in cooperation with the Minister of Tourism and Environment of Zimbabwe. 76 of the best photographs captured during his travel in Zimbabwe were shown in a grand exhibition, Zimbabwe - Permata Afrika, in Plaza Senayan, Jakarta, in December 2005.
In 2006, Deniek organized the photo exhibition, Presiden Juga Manusia Biasa, about the everyday life of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono by Abror Rizki and Dudi Anung Anindito at Pondok Indah Mall. In 2008, he organized a photo exhibition entitled The Allure of the Undiscovered West Bali in the Sultan Hotel, Jakarta.
Desak Made Rita Kusuma Dewi is a rock climbing athlete from Bali. She was born in Buleleng, January 24, 2001. Now she is studying in the Department of Sports Education at Undiksha Singaraja. In rock climbing, Desak has collected many achievements for the speed and combined (speed, lead, boulder) categories, including 1st place in the Speed Wr category at the age group national championship in Riau (2018) and in the national championship in South Kalimantan.
She was also presented with a gold medal for Buleleng at the 2019 Bali Porprov for the speed wr category. Desak has been rock climbing since the 2nd grade under the guidance of her aunt who is also a long-distance athlete. Desak won the gold medal with a record speed of 7.01 seconds at the XX Papua National Sports Week (PON) in 2021. Previously, she participated in the Rock Climbing World Cup championship in Villars, Switzerland. In the future, she will become a projection athlete for the Red and White National Team for the 2024 Paris Olympics. +
I was born in 1972—or so one of my friends’ parents who was a teacher told me, as neither of my parents recall my exact date of birth—in a small village north of Ubud on the island of Bali, one of the many islands in the Indonesian archipelago.
When I was young I felt there was no other choice but to leave Bali to free myself from the burdens of poverty and tradition. I have traveled extensively abroad, married, brought up sons, and worked in Australia while continuously educating myself at college and university—my most recent acquisition a Masters degree in International Business from Newcastle University, New South Wales, Australia.
I returned to Bali in 2012 after almost twenty years of living abroad, hoping to achieve a better quality of life, rebuild my family and create employment for my fellow Balinese. Since returning to Bali I have experienced at first hand the challenges facing Balinese women in the parallel universe of modern tourism and traditional life, where families struggle to maintain a balance between traditional adat duties and the temptations of the island’s tourism playground, illicit drug and sex scene.
Tumultuous experiences, a life full of dramas, tragedies and rare happy times that never seem to last for long enough, have inspired me to write this book as a part of my own journey of self-discovery. I am currently working on a second book while continuing other projects in Bali. +
Dewa Ayu Carma Citrawati, born in Getakan, Klungkung, Bali, February 24 1990. Completed undergraduate studies at the Bali Literature Study Program FIB Udayana University in 2011. In 2017 completed master's studies at the Postgraduate Pure Linguistics program FIB Udayana University. He has published several books such as Smarareka (2014), Sumanasa Sekuntum Liberation (Adaptation of Kekawin Sumanasantaka, 2019), Aud Kelor (2019). He received the highest award in the field of Balinese Literature from the Rancage Cultural Foundation in 2017 for his short story collection entitled Kutang Sayang Gemel Madui (2016). Experienced in teaching, was a Balinese language teacher at SMPN 3 Denpasar (2011-2018), Balinese Language Instructor in Klungkung Regency (2016-2017). Until now, he is still actively involved in various development activities related to Balinese language, literature and script. From 2018 until now, he has been actively writing Balinese language articles on Wikipedia Bali under the auspices of the Wikimedia Denpasar community. For his dedication to the Wikimedia community, the development of Balinese language and script, the Wikimedia Foundation awarded him the Wikimedian of the year award, as The Newcomer of the year 2021. +
Dewa Ayu Eka Putri is an artist-anthropologist and is currently a dance instructor at the critically acclaimed arts organization, Sanggar Cudamani. She received her B.A. from Universitas Udayana in cultural anthropology and is a leading figure in women’s gamelan ensembles all around Bali. Born into a family of artists, Dewa Ayu is internationally known for her collaborations of traditional and contemporary works in theater, music, and dance while actively working as a freelance research assistant. The majority of her work advocates for the legal protection of women and children which is highlighted in various discursive artistic modalities. +
Dewa Gede Purwita is a lecturer in the field of Visual Communication Design at the Bali Design and Business Institute. Dewa is also a painter and writer known by the pen name Purwita Sukahet. He expressed his deep interest in the work of I Ketut Gede Singaraja in a solo exhibition dissecting the works of this painter from Buleleng who is famous for his pictorial realism style in 2019. +
Dewa Made Beratha was born in Gianyar, Bali, 12 July 1941. He is a former Governor of Bali who served two terms, namely 1998-2003 and 2003-2008. Long before that he served as Regent of Bangli for the 1968-1970 period.
He completed his education in Social and Political Sciences at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. He began his career in 1967 as regional staff secretary for Bangli Regency, and one year later was elected Regent of Bangli. Then he became a member of the Bali DPRD from 1970 to 1998, before finally becoming Governor of Bali. +
Dewa Putu Bedil was born in Ubud, Bali, in 1921. Died in 1999. Bedil was one of the youngest members of the Pita Maha group he joined in 1936. With the encouragement and direction of Rudolf Bonnet, he developed a unique painting style with color - elegant color. He often depicts daily life, rituals, or dance in his paintings. The figures in his paintings are sleek and surreal. His works have been collected by the Bali Cultural Park (Denpasar, Bali), Tropen Museum (Amsterdam, Netherlands), Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde (Leiden, Holland), the National Museum (Jakarta), and many world-class collectors. He has exhibited his works at home and abroad, such as at the Jakarta National Museum and at the Indonesia-Japan Friendship Festival (Morioka, Tokyo, 1997). +
Dewa Putu Kantor, born in Sukawati, Gianyar, 1957. He is a traditional painter who adheres to the Batuan painting style. He learned to paint the Batuan technique from the painters Dewa Putu Mangku, Dewa Made Jaya, and Made Body. For more than nine years he has absorbed the famous Batuan style painting technique with the concept of a picture space that is full, complicated, dark in color and without a clear focus.
He then simplified the complex style into the pulling and twisting of lines that form a certain shape without any Chinese ink coating process. The drawings rely solely on the strength of the lines that affect the integrity of the work. The themes of his works have also changed, from wayang stories to the daily themes of rural communities. He became known as a neo-traditional painter because he portrayed the daily life of Balinese rural people in the contemporary era. He returns the power of Balinese painting to its core, namely, lines. At first glance, his drawings remind people of the works of I Gusti Nyoman Lempad.
The wholeness and strength of his work rests on the simplicity and sharpness of the lines. Using Chinese ink and a small bamboo brush, he draws the atmosphere of the market, the penggak stall, the tajen, the ceremony at the temple, the village youth playing the gamelan, the car with its cargo, the children with their games, folklore, the girl bathing in the river, and various activities. village life. The subject matter he works on is funny, naive, ridiculous, satire, full of irony and of course, refreshing.
His works have been exhibited singly or together in a number of galleries, including a solo exhibition at the Duta Fine Arts Gallery, Jakarta (1999), a joint exhibition “Mother Rupa Batuan” at Bentara Budaya Bali (2019). +
Dewa Putu Sahadewa was born in Denpasar on February 23 1969. Since his youth, he has been active in the areas of literature, journalism, and theatre. He was active in the Sanggar Minum Kopi and helped initiate the Jatijagat Kampung Puisi. The anthologies of this poems are 69 Puisi di Rumah Dedari (69 Poems at Dedari's House) (2015) and Penulis Mantra (The Mantra Writer) (2016). He currently lives in Kupang and works as an obstetrician. +
Artist and writer. Dewi Dian is founder of Sawidji Gallery & Co.
Dewi Dian Reich was born in Australia of mixed Indonesian and European parentage. Dewi has a deep love for Nature, art, history and the traditions in her Indonesian heritage. She has called Bali her home for nearly 20 years.
Dian is a graduate of the Australian National Art School in Fine Arts majoring in Photography and painting disciplines with emphasis on art history and theory. Undertook post graduate studies in Digital Media, Linguistics and Asian Studies.
Dian is focused on the ongoing development of Sawidji Gallery and studio. The economic changes brought about by the Covid Pandemic to Bali was a catalyst. There was already a need to reassess the conditions affecting the integrity of Fine Art in Bali. Which is never separate from the intricacies of the culture itself. Sawidji may explore these themes. However, it simply wishes to celebrate the talents, the community and the Nature that we are fortunate to be a part of. +
Dewi Pradewi (originally Ni Putu Dewi Ariantini) was born in Denpasar, Bali January 12th 1987. She is one of famous Bali Pop singer who started her career since 2000s. Her albums were "Bungan Tresna" (2001), “Muani Buaya” (2015), “Bermain Cantik” (2017, duet with Dek Arya). She is often invited to sing or become the master of ceremony (MC) in various grand events in Bali.
Her other activities are Assistant of PHRI Bali chairman and Yoga instructor. During her teenage years, she actively joined poem reading competition. She has contributed to musical poetry event. She was graduated from Cultural Studies, Post Graduate School of Udayana University with thesis entitled "Konstruksi Stigma pada Perempuan Bali Bertato di Kota Denpasar” (Stigma Construction on Tattooed Balinese Woman in Denpasar City). +
Dr. Dewi Susiloningtyas is a lecturer in the Department of Geography Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science University of Indonesia. Her bachelor is in regional development planning from the University of Gajah Mada, where she also got her Masters from in environmental science study.
Dr. Susiloningtyas teaches various subjects namely Industrial Geography, Regional Asian Geography, Field Work research, and Sociology to name a few. In recent years, Dr. Susiloningtyas focuses on developing subjects that focus more on Student Center Learning. +
Beloved writer about Balinese culture and society who has published numerous essays in books and periodicals. +
Didon Kajeng (originally Dwi Ari Swandana) was born in Denpasar, March 5, 1976. Since childhood he has been active in various artistic activities, such as reading poetry, singing, playing drama/theatre. He often wins poetry reading competitions, singing, poetry musicals.
He is also good at flower arrangement and has published a flower arranging art book entitled “Bali Bloom, Inspirational Balinese Floral Art”. Around 2013 he lost his sight due to glaucoma. Later he had to undergo dialysis twice a week. But he never gave up on life. He can still act, for example, he appeared at Bentara Budaya Bali with the monologue “Orgil” in 2014, he read poetry at Graha Bhakti Budaya, Taman Ismail Marzuki, Jakarta, 2016. He fosters visually impaired children in Denpasar in art, theater , sing, write poetry. He is a teacher, friend, role model for blind children in Denpasar. Together with blind children he founded the Bali Lotus Art Community (Kostra). Didon died August 10, 2021. +
Born in Batubulan, Gianyar Bali, in 1978, based in Bali, contemporary Indonesian artist Dodit Artawan studied fine art at the Indonesian Art Institute Denpasar Bali. Dodit is an artist whose focus is on the breakaway from the dominance of traditional Balinese art on the contemporary art scene in order to seek new expressions for contemporary art in Bali. Dodit Artawan has been widely exhibited in numerous solo and group exhibitions in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, Italy and the USA. Dodit won the prestigious Bronze Award at the IWS Malaysia 1st International Watercolour Biennale (KL) in 2018.
https://vingallery.com/Dodit-Artawan
https://www.nowbali.co.id/dodit-artawan-from-photorealism-to-pop-art/ +
